PARQUET-2471: Add geometry logical type

LogicalTypes.md

@@ -767,6 +767,174 @@ optional group my_map (MAP_KEY_VALUE) {
 }
 ```
 
+## Geospatial Types
+
+### GEOMETRY
+
+`GEOMETRY` is used for geometry features from [OGC – Simple feature access][simple-feature-access].
+See [Geospatial Notes](#geospatial-notes).
+
+The type has three type parameters:
+- `encoding`: A required enum value for annonated physical type and encoding
+              for the `GEOMETRY` type. See [Geometry Encoding](#geometry-encoding).
+- `edges`: A required enum value for interpretation for edges of elements of the
+           `GEOMETRY` type, i.e. whether the interpolation between points along
+           an edge represents a straight cartesian line or the shortest line on
+           the sphere. See [Edges](#edges).
+- `crs`: An optional string value for CRS (coordinate reference system), which
+         is a mapping of how coordinates refer to precise locations on earth.
+         See [Coordinate Reference System](#coordinate-reference-system).
+
+The sort order used for `GEOMETRY` is undefined. When writing data, no min/max
+statistics should be saved for this type and if such non-compliant statistics
+are found during reading, they must be ignored. Instead, [GeometryStatistics](#geometry-statistics)
+is introduced for `GEOMETRY` type.
+
+#### Geometry Encoding
+
+Physical type and encoding for the `GEOMETRY` type. Supported values:
+- `WKB`: `GEOMETRY` type with `WKB` encoding can only be used to annotate the
+         `BYTE_ARRAY` primitive type. See [WKB](#well-known-binary-wkb).
+
+##### Well-known binary (WKB)
+
+Well-known binary (WKB) representations of geometries, see [Geospatial Notes](#geospatial-notes).
+
+To be clear, we follow the same definitions of GeoParquet for [WKB][geoparquet-wkb]
+and [coordinate axis order][coordinate-axis-order]:
+- Geometries SHOULD be encoded as ISO WKB supporting XY, XYZ, XYM, XYZM. Supported
+standard geometry types: Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString,
+MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection.
+-  Coordinate axis order is always (x, y) where x is easting or longitude, and
+y is northing or latitude. This ordering explicitly overrides the axis order
+as specified in the CRS following the [GeoPackage specification][geopackage-spec].
+
+This is the preferred encoding for maximum portability.
+
+[geoparquet-wkb]: https://github.com/opengeospatial/geoparquet/blob/v1.1.0/format-specs/geoparquet.md?plain=1#L92
+[coordinate-axis-order]: https://github.com/opengeospatial/geoparquet/blob/v1.1.0/format-specs/geoparquet.md?plain=1#L155
+[geopackage-spec]: https://www.geopackage.org/spec130/#gpb_spec
+
+#### Edges
+
+Interpretation for edges of elements of `GEOMETRY` type. In other words, it
+specifies how a point between two vertices should be interpolated in its XY
+dimensions. Supported values and corresponding interpolation approaches are:
+- `PLANAR`: a Cartesian line connecting the two vertices.
+- `SPHERICAL`: a shortest spherical arc between the longitude and latitude
+               represented by the two vertices.
+
+This value applies to all non-point geometry objects and is independent of the
+[Coordinate Reference System](#coordinate-reference-system).
+
+Because most systems currently assume planar edges and do not support spherical
+edges, `PLANAR` should be used as the default value.
+
+#### Coordinate Reference System
+
+CRS (coordinate reference system) is a mapping of how coordinates refer to
+precise locations on earth. A CRS is specified by a key-value entry in the
+`key_value_metadata` field of `FileMetaData` whose key is a short name of
+the CRS and value is the CRS representation. An additional entry in the
+`key_value_metadata` field with the suffix ".type" is required to describe
+the encoding of this CRS representation.
+
+For example, if a geometry column (e.g., "geom1") uses the CRS "OGC:CRS84", the
+writer may write two entries to `key_value_metadata` field of `FileMetaData` as
+below, and set the `crs` field of the `GEOMETRY` type to "geom1_crs":
+```
+  "geom1_crs": an UTF-8 encoded PROJJSON representation of OGC:CRS84
+  "geom1_crs.type": "PROJJSON"
+```
+
+The PROJJSON representation of OGC:CRS84 can be seen at [OGC:CRS84][ogc-crs84].
+Multiple geometry columns can refer to the same CRS metadata field
+(e.g., "geom1_crs") if they share the same CRS.
+
+[ogc-crs84]: https://github.com/opengeospatial/geoparquet/blob/main/format-specs/geoparquet.md#ogccrs84-details
+
+#### Geometry Statistics
+
+`GeometryStatistics` is an optional field of `Statistics` for `GEOMETRY` type.
+It contains [Bounding Box](#bounding-box) and [Geometry Types](#geometry-types).
+Note that geometry statistics in the page index is not supported yet.
+
+##### Bounding Box
+
+A geometry has at least two coordinate dimensions: X and Y for 2D coordinates
+of each point.
+
+A geometry can optionally have Z and / or M values associated with each point
+in the geometry. The Z value introduces the third dimension coordinate. The Z
+values usually are used to indicate the height, or elevation. M values are an
+opportunity for a geometry to express a fourth dimension as a coordinate value.
+These values can be used as a linear reference value (e.g., highway milepost
+value), a timestamp, or some other value as defined by the CRS.
+
+Bounding box is defined as the thrift struct below in the representation of
+min/max value pair of coordinates from each axis. Values of Z and M are omitted
+for 2D geometries.
+
+```thrift
+struct BoundingBox {
+  /** Min value when edges = PLANAR, westmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  1: required double xmin;
+  /** Max value when edges = PLANAR, eastmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  2: required double xmax;
+  /** Min value when edges = PLANAR, southmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  3: required double ymin;
+  /** Max value when edges = PLANAR, northmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  4: required double ymax;
+  5: optional double zmin;
+  6: optional double zmax;
+  7: optional double mmin;
+  8: optional double mmax;
+}
+```
+
+The meaning of each value depends on the `Edges` attribute of the `GEOMETRY` type:
+- If Edges is `PLANAR`, the values are literally the actual min/max value from each axis.
+- If Edges is `SPHERICAL`, the values for X and Y are `[westmost, eastmost, southmost, northmost]`,
+  with necessary min/max values for Z and M if needed.
+
+##### Geometry Types
+
+A list of geometry types from all geometries in the `GEOMETRY` column, or an
+empty list if they are not known.
+
+This is borrowed from [geometry_types of GeoParquet][geometry-types]
+except that values in the list are [WKB (ISO-variant) integer codes][wkb-integer-code].
+Table below shows the most common geometry types and their codes:
+
+| Type               | XY   | XYZ  | XYM  | XYZM |
+| :----------------- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--: |
+| Point              | 0001 | 1001 | 2001 | 3001 |
+| LineString         | 0002 | 1002 | 2002 | 3002 |
+| Polygon            | 0003 | 1003 | 2003 | 3003 |
+| MultiPoint         | 0004 | 1004 | 2004 | 3004 |
+| MultiLineString    | 0005 | 1005 | 2005 | 3005 |
+| MultiPolygon       | 0006 | 1006 | 2006 | 3006 |
+| GeometryCollection | 0007 | 1007 | 2007 | 3007 |
+
+In addition, the following rules are applied:
+- A list of multiple values indicates that multiple geometry types are present (e.g. `[0003, 0006]`).
+- An empty array explicitly signals that the geometry types are not known.
+- The geometry types in the list must be unique (e.g. `[0001, 0001]` is not valid).
+
+[geometry-types]: https://github.com/opengeospatial/geoparquet/blob/v1.1.0/format-specs/geoparquet.md?plain=1#L159
+[wkb-integer-code]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text_representation_of_geometry#Well-known_binary
+
+#### Geospatial Notes
+
+The Geometry class hierarchy and its WKT and WKB serializations (ISO supporting
+XY, XYZ, XYM, XYZM) are defined by [OpenGIS Implementation Specification for
+Geographic information – Simple feature access – Part 1: Common architecture](
+https://portal.ogc.org/files/?artifact_id=25355), from [OGC (Open Geospatial
+Consortium)](https://www.ogc.org/standard/sfa/).
+
+The version of the OGC standard first used here is 1.2.1, but future versions
+may also used if the WKB representation remains wire-compatible.
+
 ## UNKNOWN (always null)
 
 Sometimes, when discovering the schema of existing data, values are always null

src/main/thrift/parquet.thrift

@@ -237,6 +237,33 @@ struct SizeStatistics {
    3: optional list<i64> definition_level_histogram;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Bounding box of geometries in the representation of min/max value pair of
+ * coordinates from each axis.
+ */
+struct BoundingBox {
+  /** Min value when edges = PLANAR, westmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  1: required double xmin;
+  /** Max value when edges = PLANAR, eastmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  2: required double xmax;
+  /** Min value when edges = PLANAR, southmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  3: required double ymin;
+  /** Max value when edges = PLANAR, northmost value if edges = SPHERICAL */
+  4: required double ymax;
+  5: optional double zmin;
+  6: optional double zmax;
+  7: optional double mmin;
+  8: optional double mmax;
+}
+
+/** Statistics specific to GEOMETRY logical type */
+struct GeometryStatistics {
+  /** A bounding box of geometries */
+  1: optional BoundingBox bbox;
+  /** Geometry type codes of all geometries, or an empty list if not known */
+  2: optional list<i32> geometry_types;
+}
+
 /**
  * Statistics per row group and per page
  * All fields are optional.
@@ -286,6 +313,9 @@ struct Statistics {
    7: optional bool is_max_value_exact;
    /** If true, min_value is the actual minimum value for a column */
    8: optional bool is_min_value_exact;
+
+   /** statistics specific to geometry logical type */
+   9: optional GeometryStatistics geometry_stats;
 }
 
 /** Empty structs to use as logical type annotations */
@@ -380,6 +410,38 @@ struct JsonType {
 struct BsonType {
 }
 
+/** Physical type and encoding for the geometry type */
+enum GeometryEncoding {
+  /**
+   * Allowed for physical type: BYTE_ARRAY.
+   *
+   * Well-known binary (WKB) representations of geometries.
+   */
+  WKB = 0;
+}
+
+/** Interpretation for edges of elements of a GEOMETRY type */
+enum Edges {
+  PLANAR = 0;
+  SPHERICAL = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * GEOMETRY logical type annotation (added in 2.11.0)
+ *
+ * GeometryEncoding and Edges are required. CRS is optional.
+ *
+ * Once CRS is set, it MUST be a key to an entry in the `key_value_metadata`
+ * field of `FileMetaData`.
+ *
+ * See LogicalTypes.md for detail.
+ */
+struct GeometryType {
+  1: required GeometryEncoding encoding;
+  2: required Edges edges;
+  3: optional string crs;
+}
+
 /**
  * LogicalType annotations to replace ConvertedType.
  *
@@ -410,6 +472,7 @@ union LogicalType {
   13: BsonType BSON           // use ConvertedType BSON
   14: UUIDType UUID           // no compatible ConvertedType
   15: Float16Type FLOAT16     // no compatible ConvertedType
+  16: GeometryType GEOMETRY   // no compatible ConvertedType
 }
 
 /**
@@ -980,6 +1043,7 @@ union ColumnOrder {
    *   ENUM - unsigned byte-wise comparison
    *   LIST - undefined
    *   MAP - undefined
+   *   GEOMETRY - undefined
    *
    * In the absence of logical types, the sort order is determined by the physical type:
    *   BOOLEAN - false, true