Add support for Ubuntu 24.04

[rbhanda]

This issue is created to track progress for the work to enable Ubuntu 24.04 support for .NET 8.0, .NET 7.0 and, .NET 6.0

Product and Test updates

• [All teams] Do a compatibility check for the product with the new OS
• [CoreCLR/CoreFX] Runtime / RID Support update
• [Infra] Ensure that the correct Docker images used by teams are built in the dotnet-buildtools-prereqs (if applicable)
• [Infra] Replace docker tags used in builds across repos and branches
• [CLI team] Update CI legs to latest updated Dockerfile
• [All teams] Update test infrastructure to support the new version
• [Acquisition] Add support within nightly repos
• [Acquisition] Deploy to master (GA) during next patch release cycle

Release team:

• Notify .NET Core teams regarding new OS release
• Update the supported OS content on GitHub and marketing sites.

Document updates:

• Add OS prerequisites to the dependencies document
• Update distro install page

[carlossanlop]

@rbhanda Note: Starting with .NET 8.0, the RID graph is frozen. In other words, adding RIDs is currently only needed for 6.0 and 7.0.

For reference, see issue dotnet/runtime#90000 and PRs dotnet/runtime#90297 (which was merged to 8.0 before it was shipped).

[carlossanlop]

The 7.0 runtime PR has been closed for the reasons described in the PR: dotnet/runtime#98079 (comment)

The 6.0 runtime PR has been merged.