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Project: Theme Park Adventure System

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a paradigm that structures software into reusable "objects" that represent real-world entities. Key principles of OOP include encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

Key Concepts for this Project

1. Encapsulation

Encapsulation involves bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) together and restricting access to some details. In Python, we use private attributes (prefixed with _) to hide data from direct access, ensuring changes happen only through controlled methods.

Example:

class Ride:
    def __init__(self, name, duration):
        self._name = name  # Private attribute
        self._duration = duration  # Private attribute
    
    def get_details(self):  # Public method
        return f"Ride Name: {self._name}, Duration: {self._duration} minutes"

2. Polymorphism

Polymorphism allows the same operation to behave differently for different classes or objects. This is often achieved by method overriding. Subclasses redefine methods from their parent class, tailoring behavior to their needs.

Example:

class Attraction:
    def description(self):
        return "A fun attraction at the theme park."

class RollerCoaster(Attraction):
    def description(self):  # Overriding parent method
        return "A thrilling roller coaster ride with loops and drops!"

class FerrisWheel(Attraction):
    def description(self):  # Overriding parent method
        return "A relaxing ferris wheel ride with scenic views."

Project: Theme Park Adventure System

Your task is to design a Theme Park Adventure System using OOP principles. The system will manage attractions, staff, and visitors, using encapsulation and polymorphism effectively.

Step 1: Define the Base Class

1. Attraction Class (Base Class)

A base class for all attractions at the theme park.

Attributes:

  • _name (private): Name of the attraction.
  • _capacity (private): Maximum number of people the attraction can hold.

Methods:

  • __init__(name, capacity): Initializes the attraction's name and capacity.
  • get_details(): Returns a string summarizing the attraction details:
    "Attraction: [name], Capacity: [capacity]".
  • start(): A generic message, "The attraction is starting."

Step 2: Create Subclasses

2. ThrillRide Class (inherits from Attraction)

Represents high-adrenaline rides like roller coasters.

Attributes:

  • Inherits all attributes from Attraction.
  • _min_height (private): Minimum height required to ride (in cm).

Methods:

  • __init__(name, capacity, min_height): Initializes all attributes, including the new one.
  • start(): Overrides start() to return: "Thrill Ride [name] is now starting. Hold on tight!"
  • is_eligible(height): Checks if a person meets the height requirement.

3. FamilyRide Class (inherits from Attraction)

Represents family-friendly rides like carousels.

Attributes:

  • Inherits all attributes from Attraction.
  • _min_age (private): Minimum age to ride.

Methods:

  • __init__(name, capacity, min_age): Initializes all attributes, including the new one.
  • start(): Overrides start() to return: "Family Ride [name] is now starting. Enjoy the fun!"
  • is_eligible(age): Checks if a person meets the age requirement.

Step 3: Define Other Classes

4. Staff Class (Base Class)

A base class for all theme park staff.

Attributes:

  • _name (private): Staff name.
  • _role (private): Role of the staff member (e.g., "Operator").

Methods:

  • __init__(name, role): Initializes the staff details.
  • work(): A generic message, "Staff [name] is performing their role: [role]."

5. Visitor Class

A class representing visitors at the theme park.

Attributes:

  • _name (private): Visitor's name.
  • _age (private): Visitor's age.
  • _height (private): Visitor's height in cm.

Methods:

  • __init__(name, age, height): Initializes the visitor details.
  • ride(attraction): Tries to ride an attraction. Checks eligibility using the appropriate method (is_eligible) from ThrillRide or FamilyRide.

Step 4: Tasks and Challenges

Task 1: Create Classes

  1. Define the Attraction base class with appropriate encapsulation.
  2. Define the ThrillRide and FamilyRide subclasses, overriding the start() method and including specific eligibility checks.
  3. Define the Staff and Visitor classes, using encapsulation for all attributes.

Task 2: Demonstrate Encapsulation

  1. Create a ThrillRide object (e.g., "Dragon Coaster", capacity 20, min height 140 cm).
  2. Create a FamilyRide object (e.g., "Merry-Go-Round", capacity 30, min age 4).
  3. Create a Visitor object and attempt to ride both attractions, demonstrating eligibility checks.

Task 3: Demonstrate Polymorphism

  1. Create multiple attractions (e.g., a thrill ride and a family ride).
  2. Call the start() method on both objects and observe the behavior.

Extension Task: Park Management System

Develop a Park Management System with the following additional features:

1. Staff Management

Add a Manager subclass to Staff with attributes:

  • _team (private): A list of Staff objects reporting to the manager.

Methods:

  • add_staff(staff): Adds a Staff object to the manager's team.
  • get_team_summary(): Lists all staff names and roles in the team.

2. Advanced Attraction Features

Add a status attribute to Attraction to track whether it is open or closed.

Methods:

  • open_attraction(): Marks the attraction as "Open".
  • close_attraction(): Marks the attraction as "Closed".
  • Modify start() to check the status before starting the ride.

3. Visitor Activities

Enhance the Visitor class with a ride_history attribute to track the rides they’ve taken.

Methods:

  • view_history(): Returns a list of rides the visitor has experienced.

Example Output:

visitor = Visitor("Alice", 10, 130)
coaster = ThrillRide("Dragon Coaster", 20, 140)

print(coaster.start())  # Output: "Thrill Ride Dragon Coaster is now starting. Hold on tight!"
visitor.ride(coaster)  # Output: "Alice is not eligible for Dragon Coaster."

carousel = FamilyRide("Merry-Go-Round", 30, 4)
visitor.ride(carousel)  # Output: "Alice is enjoying the Merry-Go-Round!"
visitor.view_history()  # Output: ["Merry-Go-Round"]